Acute Kidney Injury
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), previously known as acute renal failure, is a sudden decline in kidney function that occurs over hours or days. This condition leads to the accumulation of waste products, fluids, and electrolytes in the body, potentially causing life-threatening complications. AKI is often reversible if promptly identified and treated.
The causes of AKI are broadly categorized into three groups:
- Prerenal: Due to reduced blood flow to the kidneys, often caused by dehydration, severe blood loss, or heart failure.
- Intrinsic: Resulting from direct damage to the kidneys, such as glomerulonephritis, acute tubular necrosis, or nephrotoxic drug exposure.
- Postrenal: Due to obstruction of urine flow, often caused by kidney stones, tumors, or an enlarged prostate.
Symptoms of AKI include decreased urine output, swelling in the legs or face, fatigue, confusion, nausea, and in severe cases, seizures or coma. Diagnosis involves blood tests (elevated creatinine and urea levels), urine tests, and imaging studies.
Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include rehydration, medication adjustments, or relieving obstructions. In severe cases, temporary dialysis may be necessary. Early recognition and intervention are crucial to prevent permanent kidney damage and improve outcomes.
